ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SALMONELLA SPECIES FROM MMIRI ANI (STREAMS)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page: i

Certification: ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement: iv

Abstract: v

List of figure: vi

List of chart: vii

List of table: viii

Table of content: ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction: 18

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review: 910

2.1 Antigenic structure of Salmonella: 1015

2.2 Salmonella And water contamination: 1518

2.3 Different methods of isolation and identification of Salmonella.: 1819

2.3.1.Methods of isolation: 1928

2.3.2 Methods of identification: 2829

2.3.3.Methods used in the research work: 29

2.4 Salmonella Basics: 3031

2.5 Pathogenesis: 3136

2.5.1.More serious complication.: 3637

2.5.2. Deaths 37

2.6. Terrorist Acquisition and Attempted use.: 3739

2.7. Medical and physical counter measures: 39

2.7.1.Vaccination Immuno prophylaxis: 39

2.7.2.Antibiotics: 39

2.7.3.Supportive care: 40

2.7.4.Decontamination: 40

2.8. Prevention: 4142

CHAPTER THREE

Materials: 43

3.1 Media and reagents: 43

3.2. Sample collection: 44

3.3 Macroscopy: 4546

3.4 Microscopy: 46

3.5 Method of isolation: 4647

3.6 Pure culture: 47

3.7. Isdentification of isolates: 4748

3.7.1 Bacterial identification: 50

3.7.2.Motility test: 5051

3.8 Biochemical test: 51

3.8.1.Urease Test: 5152

3.8.2.Methyl Red Test: 52

3.8.3.VogesProskeur Tet VP: 5354

3.8.4.Indole test: 5455

3.8.5.Citrate Utilization test: 5556

3.8.6.Sugar fermentation test: 5657

3.8.7. Coagulase test: 5758

3.8.8.Spare stain: 58

3.8.9.Hydrogen Sulphide test H2S: 59

3.8.10. Kligler Iron Agar Test KIA: 60

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results: 6167

4.1 Discussion: 6879

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Recommendation and conclusion: 71

References: 7278

Appendix: 7993

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Salmonella is a GENUS of rodshaped, Gramnegative, nonspore forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with diameters around 0.7 to 1.5um, lengths from 2 to 5um, and flagella which project in all directions ie peritrichous. They are chemoorganotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions using organic sources, and are facultative anaerobes. Most species produce hydrogen sulfide, which can readily be detected by growing them on media containing ferrous sulfate. Most isolates exist in two phases: a motile phase I and a non motile phase II. Cultures that are non motile upon primary culture may be switched to the motile using a cragie tube Aora, 2004.

The genus salmonella has been named after an American Microbiologist D.E. Salmon. It belongs to the family Emterobacteriaceae and it is a facultative anaerobic gramnegative bacillus that parasitizes the intestine of a large number of vertebrate species. It also infects man leading to enteric fever, gastroenteritis and septicemia, collectively known as Salmonellosis infection.

Of all the enterobacteriaceae, the genus salmonella is the most complex with more than 2,000 closely related bacteria that causes illness by reproducing in the digestive tract. Aora, 2004. Each salmonella subgroup or serotype share common antigen and has its own name and the antigenic complexity of the bacteria have been described by KauffmanWhite scheme. According to this scheme, the terminology that identifies the particular protein coats, or serovars, is not well settled, and what previously were thought to be various species of the genus Salmonella are now thought to be serovars of only two species by many researchers, Salmonella enterica and Samonella bongori.